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Your score from primary psychopathy has been calculated as 4.3. Primary psychopathy is the affective aspects of psychopathy; a lack of empathy for other people and tolerance for antisocial orientations.
Your score from secondary psychopathy has been calculated as 2.2. Secondary psychopathy is the antisocial aspects of psychopathy; rule breaking and a lack of effort towards socially rewarded behavior.


You score for primary psychopathy was higher than 93.27% of people who have taken this test.

You score for secondary psychopathy was higher than 34.17% of people who have taken this test.

Your score from primary psychopathy has been calculated as 3.8. Primary psychopathy is the affective aspects of psychopathy; a lack of empathy for other people and tolerance for antisocial orientations.

Your score from secondary psychopathy has been calculated as 1.2. Secondary psychopathy is the antisocial aspects of psychopathy; rule breaking and a lack of effort towards socially rewarded behavior.

You score for primary psychopathy was higher than 88.25% of people who have taken this test.

You score for secondary psychopathy was higher than 1.46% of people who have taken this test.

Primary and secondary

Several researchers have argued that there exist two variants of psychopathy. There is also empirical support for separating persons scoring high on the PCL-R into two groups that do not simply reflect Factor 1 and Factor 2. There is at least preliminary evidence of differences regarding cognition and affect as measured in laboratory tests. Different theories characterize these two variants somewhat differently.[1]

Compared to "primary" psychopaths, "secondary" psychopaths have been characterized as having more fear, anxiety, and negative emotions. They are often seen as more impulsive and with more reactive anger and aggression. David T. Lykken, using Gray's biopsychological theory of personality, argued that primary psychopaths innately have little fear while secondary psychopaths innately have increased sensitivity to rewards.[1] Studies also suggest that secondary psychopaths manifest more borderline personality features than primary psychopaths, and comparable levels of antisocial behavior.[118]

There are also different theories as to the predominant causes of either variant. Some researchers, such as Benjamin Karpman, believe that primary psychopaths are born with an emotional deficit and that secondary psychopaths acquire it through adverse environmental experiences, although others, such as Lykken, link both variants to biological predispositions. Some preliminary research suggests that secondary psychopaths may have had a more abusive childhood, a higher risk of future violence, and potentially a better response to treatment.[1

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